Usdaaphis highly pathogenic avian influenza response plan. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus an overview. Newly emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai a h5 viruses. There are many h and n subtypes, but highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have historically been either h5 or h7, and to a lesser degree h9. Thu 1403 bg hpai h5 confirmed in poultry infonote 2 to cvos informing about from the bulgarian authorities on an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza of subtype h5 in a duck farm, located in the region of lovech. Influenza a virus subtype h5n1 ah5n1 is a subtype of the influenza a virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. While other h5n1 influenza strains are known, they are significantly different on a genetic level from a recent, highly pathogenic, emergent strain of h5n1, which was able to achieve hitherto unprecedented global spread in 2008.
The disease can vary from mild to severe, depending on the virus strain involved. David swayne has recruited top experts worldwide to contribute to his new book, avian influenza. In 1996, an hpai virus of the h5n1 subtype was isolated from an outbreak affecting domestic geese in guangdong province, china. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai has seriously affected poultry farmers whenever. Wild waterfowl and shorebirds are often asymptomatic carriers. Department of agriculture avian influenza bird flu. Highly pathogenic avian influenza, hunting dogs and game birds.
Highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza in 2016 and 2017. These viruses differ genetically from hpai h5 viruses that previously caused human illness, most notably in asia and africa. Update on highly pathogenic avian influenza in animals types h5 and h7 what is avian influenza. In january 2004, highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai virus of the h5n1 subtype was first confirmed in poultry and humans in thailand. The asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai h5n1 virus is a known pathogen of birds. Hpaiv refers to strains that are highly pathogenic to domestic. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai more commonly known as bird flu is an infectious viral disease in birds that spreads rapidly and can be transmitted from poultry to human. Highly pathogenic asian avian influenza ah5n1 virus. The red book is the national framework for responding to an outbreak of avian influenza. Although low pathogenic avian influenza viruses persist and evolve in wild populations, hpai viruses evolve in domestic birds and cause economically serious epizootics that only occasionally infect wild populations. Circulation of avian influenza ai viruses is not a new phenomenon. Public health monitoring plan for usdaaphis responders to detections of avian influenza virus in poultry. In november 2014 highly pathogenic avian influenza was discovered in british columbia.
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai subtype h5n1 occurred in poultry. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai response ready. Direct contact with infected poultry, or with surfaces and objects contaminated by their droppings. It remains unclear whether wild migrating birds are an established reservoir for h5n1 in its highly pathogenic form. Each of the 25 chapters focuses on a specific area of expertise, and together they offer a variety of perspectives on this disease from the technical to the historical to the strategic.
Documented outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza since discovery of avian influenza as the cause of fowl plague in 1955 4,76 avian influenza virus subtype type and number of birds affected with high mortality or depopulatedreferencea s achickenscotland59 h5n1 2 flocks of chickens gallus gallus domesticus. Most strains of avian influenza are not highly pathogenic and cause few signs of disease in infected wild birds. Highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1, thailand, 2004. Some immediate actions have already been taken to implement improvements identified in these lessons. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 infection in. In december of 2014, several strains of the avian influenza virus showed up in north america, causing severe illness in domestic poultry. Usda aphis disease response plan highly pathogenic avian influenza the red book usda aphis hpai resources usda aphis avian health information oie terrestrial animal health code. There are many descriptions of historical outbreaks of avian influenza disseminating within domestic poultry flocks in the literature. Most human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai subtype h5n1 virus have occurred following direct or indirect exposure to infected poultry in livepoultry markets. General resources and information aug 19, 2015 use of the antigen capture immunoassay sept 10, 2015. In december 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai was detected in the. Hpai has been confirmed in wild, captive, commercial and backyard birds in 21 states since december 2014. Preparing for highly pathogenic avian influenza food and.
Avian influenza viruses can mutate from low to highly pathogenic viruses with bird mortality approaching 100 percent with the highly pathogenic h5n1 strain. Outbreak of h7n8 low pathogenic avian influenza in commercial turkeys with spontaneous mutation to highly pathogenic avian influenza. However, in poultry, some lowpathogenic strains can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza strains that cause a contagious and severe illness among poultry and sometimes wild birds, and often death. Highly pathogenic avian influenza european commission. Public health response to an avian influenza ah7n8 virus.
The current panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza. High pathogenicity strains may cause widespread organ failure and sudden, high mortality. Human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza ah5n1 virus occur through birdtohuman, possibly environmenttohuman and, very rarely, limited, nonsustained humantohuman transmission. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai is a devastating disease in poultry. The red book open pdf 19 mb between december 2014 and june 2015, the united states experienced its largest highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai outbreakand most serious animal health disease incidentin history. The birds pose a biosecurity threat through direct or indirect contact with domestic poultry. The emergence of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza hpai in southeast. The pb2, pb1, pa, np, m, and ns genes are often referred to as the internal genes of aiv. A list of the oiefao reference laboratories is in annex 3.
Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai a h5n1 virus occurs mainly in birds and is highly contagious among them. From previous investigations of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Infection risk for persons exposed to highly pathogenic avian. The red book, highly pathogenic avian influenza response plan, by usda, august 25, 2015. Avian influenza ai is a viral disease of birds that can be transmitted to other animals including humans. Avian influenza refers to a group of viruses that are spread between birds. Ill go into that a little bit more, but it really emerged in 1997 in hong kong. In may 2016, a highly pathogenic avian influenza ah5n8 virus strain caused deaths among 3 species of wild migratory birds in qinghai lake, china. Highly pathogenic avian influenza, hunting dogs and game birds the ongoing outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai h5 in the united states is now the largest such outbreak in the countrys history. Following the rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai h5n1 virus over eurasia and africa in 20052006 and concurrent reports of mortality events in some migratory wildfowl, i. Infection with avian influenza viruses fao avian influenza. Many strains of avian influenza virus aiv occur naturally in wild birds. Hpaiv refers to strains that are highly pathogenic to domestic poultry.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza ah5n1 in birds and. Ai outbreak management plan for zoological parks and exhibitors. Avian flu bird flu maryland department of agriculture. Highly pathogenic avian influenza continuing education. Airborne transmission of highly pathogenic influenza virus during processing of infected poultry. Clinical signs in chickens can vary depending on the type of the avian influenza virus low or mildly pathogenic to highly pathogenic and can be manifested as respiratory difficulty, watery diarrhea, swollen head, comb, and wattles, cyanosis. The virus was first detected in 1996 in geese in china. The risk of lowpathogenic avian influenza lpai virus spread in. Its severity is highly diverse ranging from common coldlike symptoms to septicemia, shock, multiple organ failure, reye syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage, and other complications leading to death. Highly pathogenic avian influenza department of primary. The highly pathogenic influenza a virus subtype h5n1 is an emerging avian influenza virus that is causing global concern as a potential pandemic threat.
Influenza virus a is further classified on the basis of the surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin ha or h and neuraminidase na or n. Disease control strategy and hpai response plan the red book. It is subclassified into highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai and low pathogenic avian influenza lpai. Low pathogenicity strains typically cause respiratory signs. This warning was based on detection of a novel h5n8 virus in wild birds at lake ubsunur in the republic of tyva, southern russian federation, in late may 2016 see figure 1a, red oval. Highly pathogenic avian influenza is also known as fowl plague and grippe aviaire. Avian influenza, known informally as avian flu or bird flu, is a variety of influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds. Guidelines for avian influenza viruses select agents. Highly pathogenic avian influenza ah5n8 virus in wild. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai response ready reference guide overview of the hpai response plan. Frequently asked questions provided by the interagency steering committee for surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds.
Understanding of ecologic factors favoring emergence and maintenance of highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai viruses is limited. Hpai ah5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type a of subtype h5n1 is the causative agent and is enzootic in many bird populations, especially in southeast asia. The red book may 2017 between december 2014 and june 2015, the united states experienced its worst highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai outbreakand most serious animal health disease incidentin history. Avian influenza is a viral disease that can affect bird species throughout the world. Avian influenza is a viral infection found in domestic poultry and a wide range of other birds.
Only recently, the virus has been reported to cause sporadic fatal disease in carnivores, and. Potential spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 by. Nov 04, 2011 carry the h5n1 virus in its highly pathogenic form in many parts of the world 11, 12. Avian influenza viruses are highly contagious, extremely variable viruses that are widespread in birds, particularly wild waterfowl and shorebirds.
The red book, highly pathogenic avian influenza response plan, by usda. During that time, hpai h5 was found in wild birds, a few backyard flocks as well as commercial poultry flocks in these flyways. Highly pathogenic avian influenza ah5n1 in birds and other. Avian influenza iowa department of agriculture and land.
No animal or human infections with asian h5n1 virus have occurred in the united states. To determine whether red foxes vulpes vulpes are susceptible to infection with hpai virus h5n1, we infected 3 foxes intratracheally. Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza lpai or highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai what is avian influenza hpai.
Red book powerpoint long short hpai response goals november 18, 2015 additional information. It is often referred to simply as bird flu or avian influenza, even though it is only one of many subtypes. The global spread of h5n1 influenza in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat. However, in poultry, some low pathogenic strains can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza strains that cause a contagious and severe illness among poultry and sometimes wild birds, and often death. A highly contagious viral disease caused by influenza a virus with up to 100% mortality in domestic fowl. Infection risk for persons exposed to highly pathogenic. Bird flu is similar to swine flu, dog flu, horse flu and human flu as an illness caused by strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. Avian influenza provides the first comprehensive guide covering the full spectrum of this complex and increasingly highprofile disease, its history and its treatment and control. Avian influenza in domestic chickens and turkeys is classified according to disease severity, with two recognized forms. Asian h5n1 was first detected in humans in 1997 during a poultry outbreak in hong kong and has since been detected in. As with handling wild birds, the risk of humans contracting avian influenza from feeding wild birds or visiting wetlands is low.
This highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai response plan. Newly emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai a h5 viruses have caused outbreaks among birds in the united states. Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by some viral strains of avian influenza virus a. Martin gilbert, joost philippa, in fowlers zoo and wild animal medicine, 2012. Outbreaks last outbreak 18 april 2016 in department 81. Highly pathogenic avian influenza and north american wild. In domestic poultry, ai viruses are typically of low pathogenicity lp, causing subclinical infections, respiratory disease, or drops in egg production, but a few ai viruses are highly pathogenic hp, causing severe systemic disease with multiple organ failure and high mortality. To receive automatic email updates about the hpai situation in indiana, click on the subscribe for email updates link below. Avian influenza ai is a viral infection of domestic poultry, and pet, zoo, and wild birds. As a general rule, people should observe wildlife, including wild birds, from a distance. Influenza viruses have two main surface antigens, the haemagglutinin h and neuraminidase n. Oct 30, 20 avian influenza ai viruses of the h7 subtype have the potential to evolve into highly pathogenic hp viruses that represent a major economic problem for the poultry industry and a threat to global health. Low pathogenic avian influenza an overview sciencedirect. The red book is the national framework for responding to an outbreak of avian.
Influenza type a subtype h5n1 can cause an illness known as avian influenza or bird flu in birds, humans and many other animal species. Timeseries map showing the cumulative daily geographic distribution of highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai virus, subtype h5, events in. The entry of lpai virus on poultry enterprises with the subsequent mutation to highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai. The role of wild birds in the epidemiology of the asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai virus subtype h5n1 epizootic and their contribution to the spread of the responsible viruses in eurasia and africa are unclear. Hpai viruses may be transmitted from birds to humans 3,4, and they are a potential source of future human influenza pandemics.
Aphis disease response plan highly pathogenic avian influenza the red book. Ready reference guide overview of the hpai response plan. The avian influenza virus currently causing the major epidemic in asia is. To assess the risk for animaltohuman hpai h5 virus transmission in the united states, we determined the number of persons with selfreported. Current highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus epizootic. Eating infected wild birds may put wild carnivores at high risk for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai virus h5n1. Updated may 2017 incorporates policy guidance developed. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai ah5n1 virus occurs mainly in birds, is highly contagious among birds, and can be deadly, especially in domestic poultry. The international community has a vested interest in minimizing the spread of this disease. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai represents a threat to poultry industries worldwide and to peoples livelihoods, and a potential threat to human health. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, midwestern united. All aspects of avian influenza are dealt with in depth, systematically covering biology, virology, diagnostics, ecology, epidemiology, clinical medicine, and the control. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai tactical response. Wild birds particularly waterfowl can be carriers of low pathogenic avian influenza lpai viruses.
It remains a global disease with potential high consequence with the potential to threaten wildlife, agriculture, and human health. The united states department of agricultures usda animal and plant health inspection service aphis has confirmed the presence of highly pathogenic h7n3 avian influenza hpai in a commercial turkey flock in chesterfield county, south carolina. Since december 2003, an asian hpai h5n1 virus has resulted in high mortality in poultry and wild birds in asia, the middle east, europe, and africa. Persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in. Usda, animal and plant health inspection service u. Genetic analysis showed that the novel reassortant virus belongs to group b h5n8 viruses and that the reassortment events likely occurred in early 2016. Highly pathogenic avian influenza and north american wild birds. The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai.
A birdadapted strain of h5n1, called hpai ah5n1 for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type a of subtype h5n1, is the highly pathogenic causative agent of h5n1 flu, commonly known as avian influenza bird flu. Bird flu maryland department of agriculture maryland. Introduction and information it is caused by influenza virus a. A virus is defined as hpai or lpai by its ability to cause severe disease in intravenously inoculated young chickens in the laboratory, or by its. What is the difference between low pathogenic and highly. Emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from a. Airborne transmission of highly pathogenic influenza virus. Pdf highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1, thailand, 2004.
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